Here is a character as "玄(Xuan)". It is a "darkness Black" and it signifies the color of heaven, especially north sky. Moreover, the Xuan of Lao-tse (ancient Chinese philosopher) implies "the origin" and/or the "beginning" of the things in nature from where the abstruse idea and the profound truth were generated, thus the ideology of Lao-tse was called "玄学(Xuan xue ; the philosophy of Xuan)" or simply "Xuan". This is the darkness black in the East.
　But in the West, the black is treated negatively like black list or black ball, and it relates to quite antithesis image against the Xuan. By the way, a black hole is the gravity field of ruined heavenly body and it gives us a dream in a sense, but it signifies primarily "prison".
　Such a difference between the Orient and the Occident concerning the phase of black is just an example of the difference in the philosophy of life and the world. The problem is what the black, an invisible world far beyond the light and/or silent existence, is for the human beings.
　In the Orient, people affirm black for its potential energy as the transcendental existence and the origin of all things, and they accept it as unity of "陰(Yin ; negative)" and "陽(Yang ; positive)" .
　But in the Occident, the black represents relative concept such as the end of things and the negation of existence. This difference on the phase of black between the East and the West may be derived from the difference of each root in the view point of nature between the farming race and the hunting race or nomadic race.

　On the side of farming race, there is the spacial domain and the history as its continuation surrounding their life. On the mother black earth and abundance (blessing) through four seasons, all things in nature are generated in dark night and winter. And the daily life goes on being spun with infinite transcendental cosmos .... Accordingly, for this race is required the visual system to synthesize visual field in order to adapt themselves to the climatical changes of the mother nature. In this way, naturalistic system under domination of intuitive right cerebrum comes to be formed.
　On the contrary, for the hunting and nomadic race, there is no stable place as the actual base of life. The changeability of the earth and four seasons affects the distance, time, the change of condition and the obstacle toward the game . The worst matter in those space-time condition is the darkness and winter. The visual system for this hunting race is the eyesight of master eye to catch the object, contrary to the intuition opened to visual field of the farming race. And as well as its visibility, the hunter is required a sensitive auditory system in order to catch the specific sound related to the target among nature noises and environmental sounds, and analyze, compose and judge them.
　　　Notes; Most Africans have keen sensibility up to eyesight of 4.0 level, and adaptability in darkness up to 1 sec (most Japanese take about twenty seconds).

　For the hunting race, accordingly, the sense of sight is vital to live, therefore the darkness is its quite negation. And the auditory sensibility working in darkness is also vital only to survive rather than to live.
In the Occident, the white corresponds to the light, and it is equal to God. On the contrary its opposite black is the darkness and related to devil and/or death.
　Thus materialistic rational system of realism under domination of analytic left cerebrum comes to be formed.
　The difference between the East and the West concerning representation of black and white as the origin of colors corresponds to the difference of color orders between those of the East and the West ; namely the difference between color orders of both Yin Yang five phases and Chinese (Nine Stars) astrology, and those of the Aristotle's Theory of Sense.
　Chinese astrology puts the colors in the order of first White (light)Mercury, second Black (darkness)Saturn, third Blue Jupiter, fourth Green Jupiter, fifth Yellow Saturn, sixth white Venus, seventh Red Venus, eighth White Saturn and ninth Purple Mars. The color order is assemblage of seven colors as White, Black, Blue, Green, Yellow, Red, and Purple. The relativity of phenomenal world is generated in the cosmos of absolute darkness "Xuan". The Yin and Yang are transposed to light(Yang) and darkness(Yin). These seven colors are arranged as first white, second black, and the order of chromatic colors is arranged in the order of natural principle, that is, from short wavelength to long wavelength.

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　　On the other hand, the color order in Aristotle's "Modification theory" (the Theory of Energeia) is arranged in the order of White, Yellow, Red, Purple, Green, Blue and Black according to the theory that colors are generated in gradual change from the light to the darkness . The order is assemblage of the same seven colors of white, black and five hues as the Chinese astrology, but it is arranged from the lightness to the darkness. Because it is derived from the Theory of Sense (Aristotle's). It also represents the quantity of the light and the order of relative phenomena. Accordingly, to be exact, what Aristotle refers is not white and black but the light and darkness. It reminds us that Aristotle's model of finite Ptolemaic cosmos is called theory of Nine Heavens contrary to the theory of Nine Stars in Chinese astrology. The strange coincidence of five, seven, and nine in the East and the West is somewhat interesting.

　The cosmos of "Xuan" is the absolute nothingness and the absolute origin. It is an energy field transcending the relativity such as light and darkness (phenomenon) and/or black and white (substance). From this absolute field of infinitude and transcendency, the substance(existence) and the energy (phenomenon) differentiate, The substance becomes black and white, and the energy becomes the pair of light and darkness. "Xuan" is the very "original cosmos".
　As to the diction of "black and white" and "light and darkness", there is no distinction between the East and the West. Namely black and white are substantial concept and Black comes first ; 黒白(Black and White ; Noir et Blanc), and on the other hand, light and darkness are attribute concept and light-ness comes first ; 明暗(light and darkness ; clair et obscur). The substance conforms to the cardinal number, and the attribute conforms to the ordinal number. An order (sequence) is the order (cosmos).
　In this sense, the darkness in the Orient is the nothingness (which exists) beyond any relativity, so to speak, it is the cosmos of "centrencephalic system(core of brain)" which rules both right cerebrum and left cerebrum.
　Therefore, even though the theory of Yin Yang five phases is the second stage of development from Xuan, it only belongs to the relative phenomenal dimension of the popular world view.

　The very beginning of the universe is born in the "Xuan" where the mass and energy are in a fusion and make infinite field before the relativity of light and darkness is born. The substance and the light(ray) come to differentiate like cell division in life, then for the first time, the Xuan generates black and white together with the light and darkness.
　When the substance is differentiated and the light becomes to be able to go straight, the univers is clear up. It is said that it had taken one hundred thousand years to reach this stage. Then, universe changed to the age of substance, and what is called "color" was generated. Thus the world of Yin Yang five phases begins. All things in nature are differentiated and developed from two spirits of Yin Yang --

　While the order of colors of the West, generated by "Come, arise a light", forms in the order from lightness to darkness as Y R P G B, that of the Oriental system forms in the order of energy intensity as B G Y R P exactly in accordance with Yin Yang which is originated from the absolute Xuan.
　Contrary to the Oriental view of color which begins from "Xuan (darkness)", the Occidental finite view of color which begins from so-called phenomenal "light(lightness)" forms the basis of universal color systems since Aristotle. At least, Aristotle's metaphysics (Oriental Yin Yang five phases theory corresponds to this) of the Occidental climate had not progressed to form the synthetic system including various physical sciences but had come to only occupy the abstract position as universal sciences. Thus phenomenal "color" came to characterize its system mainly in physical empirical science like physics and physiology .
　Aristotle's theory "from the light to the darkness" is the methodology of intellect, as well as,"from the physical science to the metaphysics" and "from the visible world of experience to the innermost substance and principle". He had set up this "induction" as the method of science and tried to recognize various phenomena.

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　That is to say, the methodology of induction is "from the light(phenomenon) to the darkness(essence)" as well as "from the light (truth) to the darkness (actuality) [mathematical induction]".
　　But in fact, contrary to its expectation, various physical sciences only had to reach the actuality which expands and segments due to the inevitable results brought by the "induction" .
　The logic "from the light to the darkness" had come to lead science toward finite(abstract) direction, and it had come to find the equal number of "black boxes (darkness)" to the diversified fields. Though the logic must have started to search for the "Xuan", it had ended only with opening Pandora's box instead.
　The revolution which started at the beginning of 20th century and shook the basis of sciences and ideologies, is nothing but an event brought by the saturation and frustration of these abstractive and quantitative logic.
　
　Although the Optics of Newton is one of brilliant monuments in the youth of the logic "from the light to the darkness", the evidences of enormous experiments and research written in the "Optics" are completely the outcome from the induction.
"Perspective, the method to advance "from near to far", so to speak, the logic of the Occidental humanism like "from the phenomenon to the essence" and "from observer's side to far beyond the object", is quite contrary to the deductive system of the Oriental naturalism -- this is the method to exhibit "from far to near" so-called landscape in the Occidental terms -- which originates from the Oriental abstruse "Xuan". Then, we may be allowed to think that such a difference is due to the disparity between the right cerebrum of the East and the left cerebrum of the West.
　Anyhow, the physics had generated "color science" from the Optics of Newton. And with the proposition "the rays are not colored (color exists in the sense)", he had promoted to develop later physiological optics as the knot between physics of the objective system and physiology of the subjective system. With the result of Newton's prism which produced the spectrum from natural (white) ray, Newton had defined the spectrum as seven colors of rainbow and put them in the order of "Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet"(read as Roy G. Biv). And he had made circle with these colors and put the natural ray at the center. It is a diagram for mixing color rays called "Newtonian Circle", and then it had became a prototype of so-called color circle.
　Although, in the field of ever-advancing optics and physics, the Newtonian Circle is already a historical remains, but it is not always so in the color theory and color system . Some problems included in its color order and formation of color circle are evidently the problems of nowadays. For instance, why he numbered from Red? Why seven colors are selected? Why white is put in the center of color circle? And so on. It maybe nonsense to ask why, because his theory is not from the Xuan xue but from the optics.

　Aristotle's colors are generated between the light and the darkness, and the primary colors are three of White, Yellow and Black. Accordingly the chromatic colors are given as the metamorphosis of Yellow, and ordered them between Yellow and Black according to the intensity of lightness like Yellow, Red, Purple, Green and Blue.
　Logic of Aristotle is based on the epagoge (logic of induction ; from the particularity to the generality and universality) inherited from Socrates, and also on the Occidental humanistic methodology of advancing from the actuality of subjective side to the innermost objective world. It is to say, his method of perspective to advance "from near to far" is contrary to the Eastern landscape of "from far to near".

　The reflection (influence) of this theory that the colors are generated by composition of white and black is seen on Leonardo da Vinci. But as more important problem, it is inherited in the fundamental structure of modern Ostwald's color system. The theory "the darkness is brought by the lack of the light (Aristotle's)" is inherited intact to Ostwald's color system quantitatively (mathematically). His idea brings forth the concept of "quantity of black", besides it also depends on Aristotle's by putting Yellow on the beginning point of hue order. In this connection, the philosophy of Ostwald --the Nobel prized physical chemist-- is on the monism of energy. Then we can understand that he numbered colors starting from Yellow which has the largest function in sensibility of lightness.
　Now the question is why Newton numbered the color order from Red ,and as the result he made the color circle in the reverse order to both the system of nature and the later chromaticity diagram, or in "counterclockwise direction" ?
　 Aristotle's theory --colors are generated in the composition of white and black-- is called "modification theory" that the light(white) is changeable by a density of medium when it passes through the mediums.

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　It was the Newtonian color spectrum that proved the light(ray) was the compound of seven colors, and the fact of"changing of light" was not due to external causes but due to its element and cause included in the light itself. It was the standpoint of the elementalism. This materialistic positive way of thinking of Newton is just nothing but the trial of inductive method to the physical science of Aristotle, namely "from the relative phenomenon to its innermost substance". Generally, Newton is regarded as anti-Aristotle, but their difference does not consist in antithesis but in the range of contradiction.
　Anyway between Aristotle and Newton, there lies seven times as much history as from Newton to nowadays.
　The Optics of Newton fundamentally takes the position of "the theory of particle", but he also stands on "the theory of wave motion", and he describes regarding the light refracted by prism that while "Violet of large refraction has short wave motion, Red of small refraction has large wave motion ". And he makes its wave motion correspond to the musical scale. He finds that while large wave-motion makes low-pitched tone, small wave-motion makes high-piched tone. Accordingly colors are put in the order of "from Red to Violet".
　His color order is systematized mathematically according to the following facts. Both each extent of colors in spectrum (band width) and each inter-space of color rings (called Newtonian ring) of concentric circles which are found in the experiment of combining prism and lens, correspond each other to "about one to one ratio" of length of a chord which rules musical scales. (the Optics ; vol.1 chap.1,2, vol.2 chap.6, and others)
　Thus the color order is determined in accordance with the musical scale by putting Red on the beginning point and seven colors of five principal colors(whole tone) together with two demi-colors (semi-tone). And then Newtonian circle is produced as the diagram for mixing color rays which puts natural ray(white) in its center . The sensibility of Newton --who is a heaven-sent child of the induction-- inevitably had determined the order of color starting from Red that is sensed stronger than Violet on subjective side. And it is possible to suppose that from the fact that music is composed in mathematical order, the left cerebrum of Newton made himself try to adapt the linear logic to the color and color order.
　This Newton's pattern of color circle which puts Red on the beginning point is inherited to Munsell's and almost later color systems.
　Nevertheless, through the various experiments, Newton had also observed and described the order of colors according to the order of wavelength such as Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Red and Purple, and put black in the center of the above-mentioned Newtonian ring ! (the Optics ; vol.2 chap.1, observation and others) When we think of the Newton's influence which exerts on later color theories and color systems, it is much of our regret for him to have lost his way by the wrong adoption of analogy of music to the colors when we remember his stand point in natural science of always saying "I don't make a hypothesis".

　 It had taken about one hundred and fifty years from Newton to be recognized that the color phenomenon is caused by the energy property (number of vibration or wavelength) of photon, therefore the colors of spectrum are put in the order from short wavelength(V) to long wavelength(R) in accordance with the intensity of energy and the chromaticity diagram was made by Maxwell. Then it further took fifty years after Maxwell's electro-magnetic theory for the concept of "black body" which absorbs and radiates all the colors to be generated. Thus the CIE chromaticity diagram which connected between Red and Violet is completed in 1931.